Islam and Economics

Since the existence of human life on earth, intent to live cooperatively among humans have been felt and has been recognized as an essential factor in order to survive in life. All members of the human beings who depend on others to meet their needs. Mutualistik dependence in individual and social life among humans has given birth to a process of gradual evolution in the formation of the exchange system of goods and services. With the development of human civilization over time, this exchange systems evolved from simple activities to modern economic activity.

Business or tried as part of economic activity is always a vital role in human life of all time, so that economic interests will influence the behavior of all the individual level, social, regional, national, and international. Muslims have long been engaged in economic activities, ie, fifteen centuries ago. This phenomenon is not a strange thing, because Islam recommends Muslims to conduct business activities (trying) to meet the needs of their socio-economic. Messenger of Allaah be Shallullahu himself involved in business activities as a merchant with his wife Khadija.

Al-Quran as a Muslim Scripture not only regulates the issue of worship is a ritual, but also provides the perfect guide (comprehensive) and eternal (universal) for all mankind. Al Quran contains the principles and instructions fundamental to all human problems, including issues related to economic activity. Economic principles that exist in various verses in the Koran with the Sunna-sunna of the Prophet through various forms of Al-Hadith and explained in more detail by jurists at the time of the triumph of good Dinul Islamiyah in the form of Al and Al Qiyas Ijma.

But since the 15th century until the mid-20 th century AD, the Islamic contribution in economic thinking as if lost in a world civilization that is not found in history books of Islamic Economic thought. It is an irony, that Adam Smith, known as the "Father of Economics", in his book The Wealth of Nations (1766), explains that the advanced economies as it is led by the Arab economy and the Khalifa Muhammad ur Rasyidin (in the book referred to as the Mahomet and his immediate successors). More ironic again, if we refer to, was the title of Adam Smith's book is an adaptation of the book of Imam Abu Ubayd, the "Al-Amwal" (865).

Another irony is, as Samuelson's Economics textbook 7th edition, states that the origin of Economics is the Bible (Gospel), none of the economists (economists) that react. Meanwhile, as scientists raised the Islamic Economics Islam with the Qur'an and Al-Hadith as the primary reference sources, most economists, including Muslim economists, spontaneously react against the existence of Economics Sharia-based Islamic teachings.

Meanwhile, a Western scientist, C.C. Torrey in his dissertation titled "The Commercial Theological Terms in the newspaper" Al Quran states that use such extensive business terminology. He found 20 (twenty) kinds of business terminology in the Qur'an and repeating as many as 370 times in the paragraph (Mustaq Ahmad, 1995). The use of business terminology (economic) so much, shows a manifestation of the commercial spirit of the Qur'an.

If we refer carefully, according to Karim Adiwarman (2002), economics is the heritage of human civilization is like multistory buildings, where every people have contributed in their respective time in the building. Therefore, in an effort to develop the thinking of Islamic Economics, the cleric who is a teacher of the Muslims did not reject the thinking of philosophers and scientists of non-Muslims as long as not contrary to Islamic teachings. The scholars and experts of Islamic economics, today, trying to develop the Islamic Economy in accordance with the naqli arguments and propositions aqli, although the influence of Western economists thought was still there.

Socio-economic activities (muamalah) in Islam has a broad and flexible coverage, and does not distinguish between Muslims and Non Muslims. This fact is implied in a phrase narrated by Sayyidina Ali, is "in the field muamalah, their obligation is to our obligations and their rights are our rights". In all aspects of business life and transactions, the Islamic world has a system-based economy that values and Islamic principles are derived from the Qur'an and Hadith, and equipped with Al and Al Qiyas Ijma. Islamic economic system, now more known as the Islamic Economic System. Economic System

Sharia has several objectives, namely:
1.Kesejahteraan Economics within the framework of the Islamic moral norms (QS rationale. Al-Baqarah verse 2 & 168, Al-Maidah verses 87-88, Al-Jumu'ah paragraph 10);

2.Membentuk community with a solid social order, based on justice and universal brotherhood (Surat al-Hujuraat verse 13, Al-Maidah verse 8, Ash-Syu'araa paragraph 183)

3.Mencapai distribution of income and wealth in a fair and equitable (Surat al-An'am paragraph 165, An-Nahl verse 71, Az-Zukhruf paragraph 32);

4.Menciptakan individual freedom in the context of social welfare (Surat ar-Ra'du paragraph 36, Luqman, verse 22).

Ekonomi Syariah, which is part of the Islamic economic system, has characteristics and values that concept to the "amar ma'ruf nahi unjust" which means doing the right and left are prohibited. Islamic Economics can be seen from 4 (four) point of view, namely:
1.Ekonomi Illahiyah (The Lord's)
2.Ekonomi Akhlaq
3.Ekonomi Humanity
4.Ekonomi Balance

The Economy of God means that humans were created by God to fulfill His commandments, namely worship, and the search for their needs, humans must be based on rules (Sharia) with the main objective to get Ridho God.

Akhlaq economic unity implies that between economics and morality must be related to the production sector, distribution, and consumption. Thus a Muslim is not free to do whatever you want or the benefit without regard to others.

Humanitarian Economic implies that God gave the title of "Caliph" only to humans, because humans were given the ability and the feeling that allowed him to perform his duties. Through his role as the "Caliph" human being must be charitable, work hard, be creative, and innovating.

Economic Balance is the Islamic view of the rights of individuals and society is put in a fair balance sheet about the world and the hereafter, body and soul, mind and heart, metaphor and reality, faith and power.

Economic menzalimi not moderate society, especially the weak, as happened in capitalist society. In addition, Islam is not as menzalimi individual rights committed by the socialists, but Islam recognizes the rights of individuals and society as balanced.

Thus, it can be seen that the Islamic Economic System has a concept of complete and balanced in all respects of life, but the adherents of Islam itself, are often not aware of it. It happened because they still think in terms of a capitalist economy, because for centuries colonized by Western nations, and also that the views of the West was always more intense. And without realizing it in the Western world itself has many states began to explore the economic system is based on Sharia.